Effect and mechanism of ionizing radiation on ferroptosis in mouse hepatocytes / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of ionizing radiation on ferroptosis in mouse hepatocytes.Methods:Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups by random number table method: healthy control group (control group, n=6) and irradiation group (whole liver was irradiated with a single dose of 30 Gy X-ray, n=18). Mice were sacrificed at 6, 24 and 72 h (6 mice per time point) after irradiation to obtain liver tissue and plasma samples. The contents of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in plasma were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. The prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. Pathological changes of liver tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The iron deposition in liver tissues was detected by Prussian blue staining. The expression levels of 4-Hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and hepcidin in the liver were determined by immunohistochemical staining, and quantitative analysis was performed. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione (GSH) content were determined by microplate reader analysis according to the kit instructions. The expression levels of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), p53, solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in the liver were measured by Western blot. Results:Compared with the control group, the plasma contents of ALT ( t=5.15, 5.47, both P<0.001) , AST at 6 and 24 h after irradiation were increased ( t=8.42, 2.50, both P<0.001), the plasma PT was prolonged ( t=3.12, P=0.011) and the APTT was shortened ( t=3.26, P=0.009) at 72 h after radiation in the irradiation group. Histopathological results showed that evident liver edema was observed at 6, 24 and 72 h after irradiation ( t=9.58, 10.09, 18.70, all P<0.001). Different degrees of iron deposition were observed ( t=8.57, 15.31, 32.11, all P<0.001). The infiltration of hepcidin positive cells was significantly increased after irradiation ( t=5.36, 13.17, 17.11, all P<0.001). The number of 4HNE positive cells was significantly increased ( t=18.86, 22.67, 9.12, all P<0.001). At the same time, ionizing radiation induced a significant increase in plasma MDA content ( t=4.36, 7.47, 8.22, all P<0.001), and a decrease in SOD ( t=4.52, 5.80, 7.60, all P<0.001), T-AOC ( t=13.24, 20.49, 24.96, all P<0.001) and GSH ( t=2.78, 6.07, 11.25, P=0.020, <0.001, <0.001), respectively. The expression level of TfR1 protein was significantly up-regulated ( t=3.46, 5.40, P=0.026, 0.006), whereas that of GPX4 protein was significantly down-regulated ( t=11.88, 30.63, both P<0.001) at 24 and 72 h after irradiation. At 6, 24 and 72 h after irradiation, the expression level of p53 protein was significantly up-regulated and maintained at a high level ( t=7.84, 4.25, 8.22, P=0.001, 0.013, 0.001), while that of SLC7A11 protein was significantly down-regulated ( t=9.29, 19.96, 9.09, all P<0.001). Conclusion:Ionizing radiation induces the ferroptosis in hepatocytes, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of p53-SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway.

Research progress of radiation protection in interventional diagnosis and treatment of pediatric heart disease / 中国基层医药

Interventional diagnosis and treatment of heart disease is the gold standard to evaluate the anatomy and physiology of children with congenital heart disease. It plays an important role in the treatment of congenital heart disease. However, ionizing radiation is inevitably harmful to the health of children and surgery operators to varying degrees. More and more attention has been paid by surgery operators to children's unique characteristics, protective awareness and skills. This paper reviews recent literature regarding the application, radiation hazards, and research status of interventional surgery in children with congenital heart disease, which hope to help people to better understand the importance of ionizing radiation protection.

Research progress of irradiation injuries anti-agents / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Irradiation injuries anti-agents refer to drugs that can inhibit the initial stage of radiation injuries, or reduce the development of radiation injuries and promote the recovery of injuries when used early after irradiation exposure. According to the mechanism of action and the time of intervention, the irradiation injuries anti-agents are divided into four categories: radioprotectors, radiomitigators, radiation therapeutics for external radiation exposure, and anti-agents for internalized radionuclides. In this paper, the research progress of irradiation injuries anti-agents in recent years is reviewed.

Effects of radiation-associated miRNA in radiotherapy for breast cancer / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and radiotherapy is an important method of its treatment. The outcome of radiotherapy greatly depends on radiosensitivity of cancer cells. The key pathways of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in breast cancer radiotherapy response include DNA damage repair, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and related signaling pathways. This article reviews the role of miRNAs in regulating the response of breast cancer to radiotherapy and related signaling pathways. To explore the role of miRNAs in regulating the treatment response of breast cancer to radiotherapy and related signaling pathways, it can provide reference for miRNAs to be used as an indicator to evaluate the diagnosis, prognosis and radiotherapy efficacy of breast cancer.

Implante de marcapasos permanente. Acceso al ápex del ventrículo derecho usando radioscopia solo en el último momento

RESUMEN En Cuba, el primer implante de marcapasos se realizó el 6 de julio de 1964, mientras que en Cienfuegos se inicia esta actividad en 1979, por un grupo de profesionales liderados por el Dr. Francisco Riverón Mena, quien se mantuvo durante más de diez años al frente de la estimulación cardíaca, en el Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima. El presente trabajo se propone describir el método para el implante de marcapasos permanente aplicado en dicha institución, introducido por el Dr. Riverón, como alternativa al modo convencional. Esta técnica requiere muy poca utilización de radiaciones ionizantes; resulta eficaz y más segura, tanto para el paciente como para el personal de salud, pues se emplea radioscopia solo en el último momento del procedimiento, lo cual la diferencia del método convencional. Aunque en la actualidad no se practica, durante la etapa que se aplicó en el hospital, brindó seguridad a pacientes y personal de salud, por lo que debería retomarse su uso.

ABSTRACT In Cuba, the first pacemaker implant was carried out on July 6, 1964, while in Cienfuegos this activity began in 1979, by a group of professionals led by Dr. Francisco Riverón Mena, who stayed for more than ten years in charge of cardiac stimulation, at the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital. The present work aims to describe the method for permanent pacemaker implantation applied in said institution, introduced by Dr. Riverón, as an alternative to the conventional mode. This technique requires very little use of ionizing radiation; It is effective and safer, both for the patient and for the health personnel, since fluoroscopy is used only at the last moment of the procedure, which differentiates it from the conventional method. Although it is not currently practiced, during the stage that it was applied in the hospital, it provided security to patients and health personnel, so its use should be resumed.

Research progress in DNA radiation damage detection technologies / 国际生物医学工程杂志

DNA is an important biological molecule that contains genetic information. Ionizing radiation generally exists in the environment of modern uranium mining, radiological medicine and nuclear power plants. Improper protection of the human body against ionizing radiation may cause various types of DNA damage, make genome splicing unstable, and cause various biological diseases related to cancer and aging. The development of DNA radiation damage detection technology is helpful for researchers to assess the extent of biological radiation damage and to diagnose and treat patients with nuclear radiation. In this paper, the domestic and abroad research progress in DNA radiation damage detection methods was reviewed, in which the principles, functions, advantages and disadvantages of relevant detection methods were described, and the future development direction of DNA radiation damage detection methods was prospected.

Is ionizing radiation a risk factor for anxiety in employees?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Workers describe many physical and mental symptoms when working in radiation areas. This study aimed to assess these symptoms in radiation workers using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). METHODS: A total of 42 radiation workers (22 males and 20 females, mean age 34±7 years) and 47 control subjects (22 males and 27 females, mean age 31± 8 years) who work in non-radiation areas in the hospital were included in the study. All participants anonymously filled out the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaire. RESULTS: The demographic data of workers were not significantly different between groups. In the BAI, the dizzy or lightheaded (p =0.01), terrified (p= 0.01), unsteady (p=0.02), heart-pounding and racing (p=0.02) items were significantly higher in the radiation-exposed group compared to the control group. -The BAI score was also significantly higher in the radiation-exposed group (11.1±6.8 vs. 8.7±3.8, p =0.04) CONCLUSION: These results suggest the possibility that radiation may play a role in the psychometric properties of workers. The effects of radiation on the health of employees need to be further investigated and understood.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Ao trabalhar em áreas de radiação, trabalhadores descrevem muitos sintomas físicos e mentais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar esses sintomas em trabalhadores expostos à radiação utilizando a Escala de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI - Beck Anxiety Inventory). MÉTODOS: Um total de 42 trabalhadores expostos à radiação (22 homens e 20 mulheres, com idade média de 34±7 anos) e 47 controles (22 do sexo masculino e 27 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 31±8 anos) que trabalham em áreas do hospital sem radiação foram incluídos no estudo. Todos os participantes responderam anonimamente ao questionário da BAI. RESULTADOS: Os dados demográficos dos trabalhadores dos dois grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Na BAI, os itens de tonturas ou vertigens (p =0,01), medo (p= 0,01), instabilidade (p=0,02) e batimento cardíaco mais forte e acelerado (p=0,02) foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo exposto à radiação em comparação ao grupo de controle. A pontuação da BAI também foi significativamente maior no grupo exposto à radiação (11,1 ± 6,8 versus 8,7 ± 3,8, p = 0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem a possibilidade de que a radiação pode desempenhar um papel importante nas propriedades psicométricas dos trabalhadores. Os efeitos da radiação na saúde dos funcionários precisam ser mais bem investigados e compreendidos.

Evaluation of ionizing radiation as a risk factor for the incidence of breast cancer: long-term analysis after the cesium-137 accident in Goiânia, Brazil. An ecological study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The largest radiological accident to occur in any urban area happened in Goiânia, Brazil, in 1987. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between breast cancer incidence and ionizing radiation levels. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological study among residents of the city of Goiânia, Brazil. METHODS: The central region of Goiânia, with seven major sources of contamination from cesium-137, was defined as the study area. The addresses of women diagnosed with breast cancer were identified between 2001 and 2010. The data were geographically referenced and, using census data, the annual averages of crude incidence rates were estimated. The existence of clusters of new cases was ascertained by means of the Moran index. Correlations of radiometric measurements with the incidence were assessed using unconditional linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 4,105 new cases were identified, of which 2,233 were in the study area, and of these, 1,286 (57.59%) were georeferenced. The gross rates of total and referenced cases were 102.91 and 71.86/100,000 women, respectively. These were close to the average for Brazilian state capitals, which is 79.37/100,000 women. The cluster analysis showed slight correlations in three small sets of census tracts, but these were far from the sources of contamination. The scatter plot of points and the R2 value close to zero indicated that there was no association between the variables. CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the hypothesis that the ionizing radiation levels to which women living in Goiânia are now exposed to are not associated with the onset of new cases of breast cancer.

Biomechanical and morphological changes produced by ionizing radiation on bone tissue surrounding dental implant

Abstract Objective: This study analyzed the effect of ionizing radiation on bone microarchitecture and biomechanical properties in the bone tissue surrounding a dental implant. Methodology: Twenty rabbits received three dental morse taper junction implants: one in the left tibia and two in the right tibia. The animals were randomized into two groups: the nonirradiated group (control group) and the irradiated group, which received 30 Gy in a single dose 2 weeks after the implant procedure. Four weeks after the implant procedure, the animals were sacrificed, and the implant/bone specimens were used for each experiment. The specimens (n=10) of the right tibia were examined by microcomputed tomography to measure the cortical volume (CtV, mm3), cortical thickness (CtTh, mm) and porosity (CtPo, %). The other specimens (n=10) were examined by dynamic indentation to measure the elastic modulus (E, GPa) and Vickers hardness (VHN, N/mm2) in the bone. The specimens of the left tibia (n=10) were subjected to pull-out tests to calculate the failure load (N), displacement (mm) up to the failure point and interface stiffness (N/mm). In the irradiated group, two measurements were performed: close, at 1 mm surrounding the implant surface, and distant, at 2.5 mm from the external limit of the first measurement. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test and Student's t-test (α=0.05). Results: The irradiated bone closer to the implant surface had lower elastic modulus (E), Vickers hardness (VHN), Ct.Th, and Ct.V values and a higher Ct.Po value than the bone distant to the implant (P<0.04). The irradiated bone that was distant from the implant surface had lower E, VHN, and Ct.Th values and a higher Ct.Po value than the nonirradiated bone (P<0.04). The nonirradiated bone had higher failure loads, displacements and stiffness values than the irradiated bone (P<0.02). Conclusion: Ionizing radiation in dental implants resulted in negative effects on the microarchitecture and biomechanical properties of bone tissue, mainly near the surface of the implant.

Impact of One-Catheter Strategy with TIG I Catheter on Coronary Catheterization Performance and Economic Costs / Impacto da Estratégia de um Cateter com Cateter TIG I no Desempenho da Coronariografia por Cateterismo e Custos Econômicos

Abstract Background: Coronary angiography with two catheters is the traditional strategy for diagnostic coronary procedures. TIG I catheter permits to cannulate both coronary arteries, avoiding exchanging catheters during coronary angiography by transradial access. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of one-catheter strategy, by avoiding catheter exchange, on coronary catheterization performance and economic costs. Methods: Transradial coronary diagnostic procedures conducted from January 2013 to June 2017 were collected. One-catheter strategy (TIG I catheter) and two-catheter strategy (left and right Judkins catheters) were compared. The volume of iodinated contrast administered was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included radial spasm, procedural duration (fluoroscopy time) and exposure to ionizing radiation (dose-area product and air kerma). Direct economic costs were also evaluated. For statistical analyses, two-tailed p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: From a total of 1,953 procedures in 1,829 patients, 252 procedures were assigned to one-catheter strategy and 1,701 procedures to two-catheter strategy. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. One-catheter strategy required less iodinated contrast [primary endpoint; (60-105)-mL vs. 92 (64-120)-mL; p < 0.001] than the two-catheter strategy. Also, the one-catheter group presented less radial spasm (5.2% vs. 9.3%, p = 0.022) and shorter fluoroscopy time [3.9 (2.2-8.0)-min vs. 4.8 (2.9-8.3)-min, p = 0.001] and saved costs [149 (140-160)-€/procedure vs. 171 (160-183)-€/procedure; p < 0.001]. No differences in dose-area product and air kerma were detected between the groups. Conclusions: One-catheter strategy, with TIG I catheter, improves coronary catheterization performance and reduces economic costs compared to traditional two-catheter strategy in patients referred for coronary angiography.

Resumo Fundamento: A cineangiocoronariografia com dois cateteres é a estratégia tradicional para procedimentos coronarianos de diagnóstico. O cateter TIG I permite canular ambas as artérias coronárias, evitando a troca de cateteres durante a cineangiocoronariografia por acesso transradial. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto da estratégia de um cateter, evitando a troca de cateter, no desempenho da coronariografia por cateterismo e nos seus custos econômicos. Métodos: Foram coletados os procedimentos diagnósticos coronarianos transradiais realizados entre janeiro de 2013 e junho de 2017. A estratégia de um cateter (cateter TIG I) e a estratégia de dois cateteres (cateteres coronários direito e esquerdo de Judkins) foram comparadas. O volume de contraste iodado administrado foi o endpoint primário. Os endpoints secundários eram espasmo radial, duração do procedimento (tempo de fluoroscopia) e exposição a radiações ionizantes (produto dose-área e kerma no ar). Os custos econômicos diretos também foram avaliados. Para as análises estatísticas, valores de p < 0,05 bicaudais foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: De um total de 1.953 procedimentos em 1.829 pacientes, 252 procedimentos foram atribuídos à estratégia de um cateter e 1.701 procedimentos à estratégia de dois cateteres. Não houve diferenças nas características basais entre os grupos. A estratégia de um cateter exigiu menos contraste iodado [endpoint primário; (60-105) -mL vs. 92 (64-120) -mL; p < 0,001] em comparação com a estratégia de dois cateteres. Além disso, o grupo da estratégia de um cateter apresentou menos espasmo radial (5,2% vs. 9,3%, p = 0,022) e menor tempo de fluoroscopia [3,9 (2,2-8,0) -min vs. 4,8 (2,9-8,3) -min, p = 0,001] e economia de custos [149 (140-160)-€/procedimento vs. 171 (160-183) -€/procedimento; p < 0,001]. Não foram detectadas diferenças no produto dose-área e kerma no ar entre os grupos. Conclusões: A estratégia de um cateter, com cateter TIG I, melhora o desempenho da coronariografia por cateterismo e reduz os custos econômicos em comparação com a estratégia tradicional de dois cateteres em pacientes encaminhados para cineangiocoronariografia.

Prevalence of Lens Opacity in Interventional Cardiologists and Professional Working in the Hemodynamics in Brazil / Prevalência de Opacidades do Cristalino em Cardiologistas Intervencionistas e Profissionais Atuantes na Área de Hemodinâmica no Brasil

Abstract Background: Posterior subcapsular cataract is a tissue reaction commonly found among professionals exposed to ionizing radiation. Objective: To assess the prevalence of cataract in professionals working in hemodynamics in Brazil. Methods: Professionals exposed to ionizing radiation (group 1, G1) underwent slit lamp examination with a biomicroscope for lens examination and compared with non-exposed subjects (group 2, G2). Ophthalmologic findings were described and classified by opacity degree and localization using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Both groups answered a questionnaire on work and health conditions to investigate the presence of risk factors for cataract. The level of significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results: A total of 112 volunteers of G1, mean age of 44.95 (±10.23) years, and 88 volunteers of G2, mean age of 48.07 (±12.18) years were evaluated; 75.2% of G1 and 85.2% of G2 were physicians. Statistical analysis between G1 and G2 showed a prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 2% in G1 and G2, respectively (0.0081). Considering physicians only, 38% of G1 and 15% of G2 had cataract, with the prevalence of posterior subcapsular cataract of 13% and 3%, respectively (p = 0.0176). Among non-physicians, no difference was found in the prevalence of cataract (by types). Conclusions: Cataract was more prevalent in professionals exposed to ionizing radiation, with posterior subcapsular cataract the most frequent finding.

Resumo Fundamento: A catarata subcapsular posterior é uma reação tecidual encontrada com frequência nos profissionais expostos à radiação ionizante. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de catarata nos profissionais que atuam na área de hemodinâmica no Brasil. Métodos: Profissionais expostos à radiação ionizante (grupo 1, G1) foram submetidos ao exame biomicroscópico com lâmpada de fenda para avaliação do cristalino, e comparados aos não expostos (grupo 2, G2). Os achados foram descritos e classificados quanto ao grau de opacidade e localização por meio do Lens opacities classification system III. Ambos os grupos responderam questionário sobre condições de trabalho e de saúde para afastar fatores de risco para catarata, e foram comparados quanto aos achados. Foi utilizado um nível de significância de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram avaliados 112 voluntários (G1) com média de idade 44,95 (±10,23) anos e 88 voluntários (G2) com média de 48,07 (±12,18) anos. Desses, 75,2% (G1) e 85,2% (G2) eram médicos. A análise estatística entre os grupos G1 e G2 mostrou uma prevalência da catarata no grupo G1 de 33% comparada ao G2 de 16% (p = 0,0058), sendo a catarata subcapsular posterior presente em 13% no G1 e 2% no G2 (p = 0,0081). Considerando apenas os médicos, 38% no G1 e 15% no G2 (p = 0,0011) apresentaram catarata, sendo a subcapsular posterior 13% e 3% (p = 0,0176), respectivamente. No grupo dos profissionais não médicos, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na prevalência dos achados oftalmológicos. Conclusões: A catarata esteve mais presente no grupo de profissionais expostos à radiação ionizante, sendo que a catarata subcapsular posterior foi o dano tecidual mais encontrado.

Radiation exposure during spine surgery using c-arm fluoroscopy / Exposiçao a radiação durante cirurgias de coluna com radisocopia

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the radiation dose received by staff in spine surgeries, including those who are not considered occupationally exposed workers. Methods: All spinal surgeries performed in the same department during a period of 12 months were evaluated with regard to the exposure of surgeons, scrub nurses, and auxiliary personnel working in the operating room to radiation from C-arm fluoroscopy. Radiation was measured by 15 film badge dosimeters placed on the professionals' lapels, gloves, and room standardized sites. The films were analyzed in the dosimetry laboratory by collections per period. Results: During the 12 months, 81 spinal surgeries were performed by the same team, with surgical times ranging from 1 to 6 hours. The total radiation dose ranged from 0.16 mSv to 2.29 mSv depending on the dosimetry site. The most exposed site was the wrist of the main surgeon. Conclusion: The results showed that in the spinal surgeries in our setting, the radiation doses are low and within legal limits. Nevertheless, constant training of professionals is essential for radiation protection of medical staff and patients. Level of evidence I/b, exploratory cohort study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a dose de radiação recebida pela equipe cirúrgica em cirurgias de coluna, incluindo entre aqueles que não são considerados trabalhadores com exposição ocupacional. Método: Todas as cirurgias de coluna realizadas num mesmo departamento num período de 12 meses foram avaliadas quanto à exposição dos cirurgiões, enfermeiros/instrumentadores e auxiliares trabalhando na sala cirúrgica à radiação do fluoroscópio tipo "C-arm". A radiação foi medida por 15 dosímetros de filme posicionados nas lapelas, luvas dos profissionais e também em pontos padronizados da sala. Os filmes foram analisados no laboratório de dosimetria em coleções por período. Resultados: Durante 12 meses, 81 cirurgias de coluna foram realizadas pela mesma equipe, e cada cirurgia durou entre 1 e 6 horas. A dose total de radiação variou de 0,16 mSv a 2,29 mSv dependendo do local de mensuração. O local com maior exposição foi o punho do cirurgião principal. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que nas cirurgias de coluna no nosso serviço, as doses de radiação foram baixas e dentro dos limites legais. Porém, o treinamento dos profissionais é essencial para a proteção contra a radiação dos profissionais de saúde e seus pacientes. Nível de evidência I/b, estudo de coorte exploratório.

Leucemia ocupacional: importancia de la prevención / Occupational leukemia: importance of prevention

Las radiaciones ionizantes, han contribuido grandemente con el bienestar social del ser humano. Estas tienen gran utilidad, en diversas áreas. Por ejemplo en medicina, los rayos X, sirven para hacer radiografías para el estudio y diagnóstico de lesiones internas, así como los radiofármacos terapéuticos son usados para el tratamiento de enfermedades como el cáncer. Sin embargo debe evaluarse el riesgo para la salud de los trabajadores del área de la medicina, debido al alto porcentaje de exposición a fuentes ionizantes artificiales en su área de trabajo. Los principales efectos biológicos que producen, corresponden a cambios bioquímicos intracelulares, que pueden desencadenar diversas alteraciones como por ejemplo, esterilidad, eritemas, cáncer, entre muchos otros. Incluso los daños activan los mecanismos de reparación celular para tratar de superarlo, sin embargo siempre queda un daño remanente que es inevitablemente acumulativo. La exposición crónica a dosis bajas puede desencadenar aberraciones cromosómicas y el riesgo a leucemia aumenta linealmente con las dosis acumuladas de radiación ionizante. El presente tiene como proposito reflexionar, sobre la necesidad del uso correcto de las radiaciones ionizantes artificiales, así como la necesidad de actualizar los protocolos de prevención, en materia de riesgo ocupacional, contempladas en las normas básicas relativas a la protección sanitaria del personal en riesgo, con la intención de proporcionar alternativas para el cuidado de la salud y contribuir a evitar las alteraciones derivadas de dichas exposiciones.

The ionizing radiations have greatly contributed to social benefits of the human being. These are very useful in a variety of applications as X rays in medicine, which are valuable in the diagnosis and evaluation of intern tissue damages. Besides of that, the radiopharmaceutical is used for cancer treatment. However, it should be evaluated the risk for workers health which are usually exposed to a high percentage of these artificial ionizing. The main biological effects are related to bio quemical changes at intracellular level, which might cause a number of changes such as sterility, erythema and cancer, among others. Damages can active the mechanisms for cellular repair in order to get over it, however an accumulative damage remains. The chronic exposition al low doses can incite chromosomal alterations and because of that the risk to leukemia increases linearly with the number of ionizing radiations. This article aims to reflect on the need for the correct use of artificial ionizing radiations as well as to update prevention protocols related to occupational matter. These protocols consist of the basic procedures related to sanitary protection for workers in this area. The objective of this article is to provide alternatives for health care and therefore contribute to avoid alterations caused by ionizing expositions.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the NKG2D ligand expression on the tumor cell SCC25 surface and the killing effect on tumor cells / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on the expression of NKG2D ligand on the surface of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC25 and its cytotoxicity to tumor cells.Methods When SCC25 cells were cultured into logarithmic growth phase,they were randomly designed as control (without treatment) and experimental group (2 Gy ionizing radiation treatment) by drawing lots.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expressions of NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ chainrelated molecule (MIC)A,MICB,UL16 binding protein (ULBP)1 on the surface of SCC25 in the control group and the experimental group cultured for 24 h.Real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the changes of NKG2D ligand mRNA expression on SCC25 cell surface after 24 h culture in the experimental group and the control group.The cells were prepared and divided into blank control group (NC),2 Gy ionizing radiation group (R),NK1 group (target ratio was 5 ∶ 1),NK2 group (target ratio was 20 ∶ 1),NK1 + R group (target ratio was 5 ∶ 1,2 Gy ionizing radiation),NK2 + R group (target ratio was 20 ∶ 1,2 Gy ionizing radiation).After each group was cultured for 24 h,the killing abilities of ionizing radiation and natural killer (NK) cells to oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC25 cells were detected by CCK8.Results Flow cytometry experiment showed that,among the NKG2D ligands,the MICA fluorescence values of experimental group and control group were respectively 21.04 ± 0.39,22.90 ± 0.40 (t =2.465,P =0.069),MICB fluorescence values were 27.58 ± 0.50,29.83 ± 1.05 (t =1.936,P =0.125),and ULBP1 fluorescence values were 21.04 ± 0.40,21.78 ± 0.50 (t =1.154,P =0.313).This indicated that after ionizing radiation on SCC25,the NKG2D ligand MICA,MICB,ULBP1 expression increased slightly,but the differences were not statistically significant.RT-PCR indicated that mRNA expressions of MICB,ULBP1 were significantly different between the control group and the experimental group (t =18.334,P =0.000;t =6.381,P =0.008).The expressions of the experimental group were respectively 6.49,1.64 times as those of the control group.The results of CCK8 showed that,there was a significant difference in cell killing ability among NK1 group,NK2 group and NC group (F =344.600,P =0.000),suggesting that NK cells could kill tumor cells,and the higher ratio of NK cells and SCC25,the stronger killing effect.The comparison between R group and NC group showed that the difference in cell killing ability was not statistically significant (P =0.567).NK1 + R group and NK1 group were compared and the difference was not statistically significant (P =0.915).There was no significant difference between NK2 + R group and NK2 group (P =0.678).This showed that the killing effect of ionizing radiation was weak.Conclusion Ionizing radiation can increase the mRNA expression of NKG2D ligands MICB and ULBP1.This may provide a new way for tumor immunotherapy.The killing effect of ionizing radiation on cells is not obvious.It may be related to low radiation dose and only 24 h for cell culture.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the NKG2D ligand expression on the tumor cell SCC25 surface and the killing effect on tumor cells / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on the expression of NKG2D ligand on the surface of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC25 and its cytotoxicity to tumor cells.Methods When SCC25 cells were cultured into logarithmic growth phase,they were randomly designed as control (without treatment) and experimental group (2 Gy ionizing radiation treatment) by drawing lots.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expressions of NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ chainrelated molecule (MIC)A,MICB,UL16 binding protein (ULBP)1 on the surface of SCC25 in the control group and the experimental group cultured for 24 h.Real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the changes of NKG2D ligand mRNA expression on SCC25 cell surface after 24 h culture in the experimental group and the control group.The cells were prepared and divided into blank control group (NC),2 Gy ionizing radiation group (R),NK1 group (target ratio was 5 ∶ 1),NK2 group (target ratio was 20 ∶ 1),NK1 + R group (target ratio was 5 ∶ 1,2 Gy ionizing radiation),NK2 + R group (target ratio was 20 ∶ 1,2 Gy ionizing radiation).After each group was cultured for 24 h,the killing abilities of ionizing radiation and natural killer (NK) cells to oral squamous cell carcinoma SCC25 cells were detected by CCK8.Results Flow cytometry experiment showed that,among the NKG2D ligands,the MICA fluorescence values of experimental group and control group were respectively 21.04 ± 0.39,22.90 ± 0.40 (t =2.465,P =0.069),MICB fluorescence values were 27.58 ± 0.50,29.83 ± 1.05 (t =1.936,P =0.125),and ULBP1 fluorescence values were 21.04 ± 0.40,21.78 ± 0.50 (t =1.154,P =0.313).This indicated that after ionizing radiation on SCC25,the NKG2D ligand MICA,MICB,ULBP1 expression increased slightly,but the differences were not statistically significant.RT-PCR indicated that mRNA expressions of MICB,ULBP1 were significantly different between the control group and the experimental group (t =18.334,P =0.000;t =6.381,P =0.008).The expressions of the experimental group were respectively 6.49,1.64 times as those of the control group.The results of CCK8 showed that,there was a significant difference in cell killing ability among NK1 group,NK2 group and NC group (F =344.600,P =0.000),suggesting that NK cells could kill tumor cells,and the higher ratio of NK cells and SCC25,the stronger killing effect.The comparison between R group and NC group showed that the difference in cell killing ability was not statistically significant (P =0.567).NK1 + R group and NK1 group were compared and the difference was not statistically significant (P =0.915).There was no significant difference between NK2 + R group and NK2 group (P =0.678).This showed that the killing effect of ionizing radiation was weak.Conclusion Ionizing radiation can increase the mRNA expression of NKG2D ligands MICB and ULBP1.This may provide a new way for tumor immunotherapy.The killing effect of ionizing radiation on cells is not obvious.It may be related to low radiation dose and only 24 h for cell culture.

The protective effect of anthocyanin on irradiation induced bone marrow c-kit positive cell injury in vitro / 天津医药

Objective To observe the protective effect of anthocyanin on irradiation induced bone marrow c-kit positive cell injury, and further explore its possible mechanism. Methods Mouse bone marrow c-kit positive cells were collected by cell sorting method. There were 2 groups: control group and anthocyanin group, which were sub-divided into three groups and received 0 Gy, 1 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation respectively. The control group was added 700μL cell suspension and an equal volume of serum-free hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell culture medium. The 2 × 10-5 mol/L anthocyanin was co-cultured with mouse bone marrow c-kit positive cells of anthocyanin group half an hour before irradiation exposure, then cells were cultured for 18 hours under the conventional culture conditions (37℃,5%CO2). Mouse c-kit positive cell viability was measured by bioluminescence, and which was reflected by relative light units (RLU). The ability of colony-forming units was reflected by CFU-GM. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ofγ-H2AX were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared to un-irradiated control group, the cell viability and the number of CFU-GM were decreased significantly, while the ROS level and MFI ofγ-H2AX were increased in c-kit positive cells irradiated with 1 Gy and 4 Gy (P<0.05). Compared to 1 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation groups, c-kit positive cell viability and the number of CFU-GM were increased, the ROS level and MFI of γ-H2AX were decreased in anthocyanin group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Anthocyanin exhibits a promising protective effect on radiation-induced bone marrow c-kit positive cell injury, which may be related to the alleviating ROS and DNA damage in bone marrow cells.

Study on the three-dimensional mapping to reduce the X-ray exposure dose of interventional doctors in radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To explore the advantage of radiofrequency catheter ablation under the three-dimensional mapping in the treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) in reducing the X-ray exposure dose of interventional doctors.@*Methods@#79 patients with AVNRT, in the first hospital of Shanxi Medical University from January 2015 to June 2016, performed to do radiofrequency catheter ablation treatment were selected, and according to the random number method were divided into two-dimensional mapping group and three-dimensional mapping group. The two-dimensional mapping group was mapped the ablation target at the X-ray, while the ablation target was mapped by CARTO 3 system in the three-dimensional mapping group. Compare the X-ray fluoroscopy time, success rate, complications rate and doctor’s X-ray exposure dose between the two groups.@*Results@#Compared with the two-dimensional mapping group, acute success rate and complication rate of the three dimensional mapping group were not statistically significant (P>0.05) , while the X-ray fluoroscopy time and the X-ray dose of the three-dimensional mapping group decreased significantly, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#Three-dimensional mapping can significantly reduce the X-ray irradiation time and interventional doctor’s X-ray exposure dose in radiofrequency catheter ablation of AVNRT patients and the potential hazards of ionizing radiation on the human body.

Association of XRCC1 gene polymorphism and low dose ionizing radiation with peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of X-ray repair cross complementing gene 1 (XRCC1) polymorphism and low dose ionizing radiation exposure on radiology professionals’ peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus.@*Methods@#A matched case-control study was designed. From 2013 to 2015, 1 102 radiology professionals with micronucleus test rusults, and 45 cases with present micronucleus were enroled into case group. 180 diagnostic radiology technicians detecting no micronucleus were chosen as control group, cases and controls were 1∶4 mached on gender, age ≤40 or >40 years old. According to the detection of micronucleus levels (0‰, 1‰, 2‰) , the objects of our study were divided into the reference group, the low detection group and the medium detection group. The form of radiation workers’ occupational health examination was used to collect the general baseline of the research objects, history of smoking, drinking, poisonous and harmful material exposure, past medical history, accumulated illuminated dose and lymphocyte micronucleus rates (‰) , etc. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) technology for genotyping; Compared the baseline data and radiation exposure level between the differentmicrokernel detection groups; Adopted multivariate logistic regression to analysis the combination effect of XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene polymorphism and accumulated illuminated dosefor micronucleus rate.@*Results@#The accumulated illuminated dose in the reference group, the low detection group and the medium detection group were (23.44±15.23) , (21.76±2.56) , (24.22±18.61) mSv, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups (P>0.05) . Under the dominant inheritance mode, after adjusted age, smoking and drinking factors, the results suggested that XRCC1 Arg399Gln micronucleus medium detection group compared with the reference group, Arg399Gln-GG as reference, Arg399Gln-GA+AA decreased the occurrence of micronucleus (OR=0.175, 95%CI: 0.036-0.848) . Arg194Trp and Arg280His did not affect the incidence of micronucleus (P>0.05) . Did not find the combination effect of XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene polymorphism and accumulated illuminated dose for micronucleus rate (P>0.05) .@*Conclusion@#XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene polymorphism can affect the incidence of micronucleus, and carrying the XRCC1 Arg399Gln-GA+AA genotype is a protective factor of micronucleus’s occurrence, but low dose ionizing radiation may not affect the occurrence of micronucleus independently.

Study of scattered radiation during fluoroscopy in hip surgery / Estudo da radiação espalhada em fluoroscopia durante procedimentos cirúrgicos no quadril

Abstract Objective: To measure the scattered radiation dose at different positions simulating hip surgery. Materials and Methods: We simulated fluoroscopy-assisted hip surgery in order to study the distribution of scattered radiation in the operating room. To simulate the patient, we used a anthropomorphic whole-body phantom, and we used an X-ray-specific detector to quantify the radiation. Radiographs were obtained with a mobile C-arm X-ray system in continuous scan mode, with the tube at 0º (configuration 1) or 90º (configuration 2). The operating parameters employed (voltage, current, and exposure time) were determined by a statistical analysis based on the observation of orthopedic surgical procedures involving the hip. Results: For all measurements, higher exposures were observed in configuration 2. In the measurements obtained as a function of height, the maximum dose rates observed were 1.167 (± 0.023) µSv/s and 2.278 (± 0.023) µSv/s in configurations 1 and 2, respectively, corresponding to the chest level of health care professionals within the operating room. Proximal to the patient, the maximum values were recorded in the position occupied by the surgeon. Conclusion: We can conclude that, in the scenario under study, health care professionals workers are exposed to low levels of radiation, and that those levels can be reduced through the use of personal protective equipment.

Resumo Objetivo: Medir a intensidade da dose de radiação espalhada em diferentes posições simulando uma intervenção cirúrgica no quadril. Materiais e Métodos: Simulou-se uma intervenção cirúrgica no quadril com apoio da fluoroscopia para estudar a distribuição da radiação espalhada no bloco operatório. Para simular o paciente foi utilizado um simulador antropomórfico de corpo inteiro e para medir a radiação utilizou-se um detector específico para medir raios X. Realizaram-se incidências com um equipamento de raios X tipo arco em C móvel, em modo de escopia contínua, com a ampola a 0º (configuração 1) e a 90º (configuração 2). Os parâmetros operacionais utilizados (voltagem, corrente, tempo de exposição) foram determinados por meio de um estudo estatístico resultante da observação de cirurgias ortopédicas de quadril. Resultados: Em todas as medições observaram-se exposições mais elevadas na configuração 2. Nas medições em função da altura, observaram-se os valores máximos da taxa de dose de 1,167 (± 0,023) µSv/s e 2,278 (± 0,023) µSv/s nas configurações 1 e 2, respectivamente, correspondendo à altura do tórax dos profissionais. No estudo em torno do paciente os valores máximos registraramse na posição ocupada pelo médico cirurgião. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a exposição à radiação dos profissionais é baixa, podendo ainda ser reduzida mediante o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual.